KINDS
OF TEXT
1. PROCEDUR
Purpose : To help us do a
task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or
directions.
Text
of organization : Goal ( the final
purpose of doing the intructinons )
Materials ( Ingredients, Utensil, equipment,
to do the Instructions.
Steps ( a set of intructions to achieve the
final purpose )
Language
Features : Use of imperatives
Use of action verb
Use of connectives
Use of adverbial phrases
2.
RECOUNTS
Purpose :
To tell the readers what happend in the past through a squence of event
Text of Organization : Personal Recounts :
Orientation (
who were involved in the story, when and where)
Events ( tell
what happened in a chronological order)
Evaluation (
comments of the writer/ speaker about the experience)
Re-orientation
/ optional ( the conclusioof the the experience)
Factual Recounts :
Orientation
(who were inovolved in the
story,
when and where)
Events
(tell what happened in a chron gical order)
Language Features : The use of nouns and pronouns
The use action verbs
The use of past tenses
The use of time conjunctions
The
use of adverbs and adverbs of phrases
Adjectives
3.
NARRATIVES
Purpose : To amuse or encertain
the readers with actual imaginary experiences in difference ways. Narratives always deal with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into
a solution to the problem.
Text
of organization : Orientation ( who
were involved in the story, when and where )
Complication ( a problem arises followed by other problems)
Resolution ( solution to the problem )
Language
Features : The use of phrases
The use of connectives
The use of adverbial phrases of time and
place
The use of the simple past tense
The use of action verbs
The use of saying verbs
The use of thinking verbs, feeling verbs,
verbs
Of sense
4.
DESCRIPTION
Purpose : to describe a particular
person / thing
Text
of organization : Identification (
mention the name, occuption, profession an career )
Description ( mention the physical features,
the way he/she dresses and his/her personality)
Language
Features : The use of adjectives
and compound adjectives
The use of lingking verbs
The use of attibutive has and have
DESCRIPTION
Purpose : to describe a
particular place
Text
Organization : Identification
(mention the special participant)
Description ( mention the part, quality and
Characteristics of being the subject being described)
Language
Features : The use adjectives
and compound adjectives
The use of lingking verbs/relating verbs
The use of simple present tense
The use of degree of comparison
5.
NEWS ITEM
Purpose : To inform readers,
listeners, or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
Text
Organization : Newsworthy
events ( tell the events in a summary form )
Background
events ( elaborates what happened, explains what caused the incidjent)
Language
Features : Information on the
use of headlines
The use of saying verbs
The use of passive sentences
The use
of adverbs in passive sentences
6.
REPORTS
Purpose : To describe the
way things arev such as man-made thing, animals, and plants
Text
ofganization : General
Classification ( introduces the topic of
the report such as the
class or subclass)
Indentification
( give the shape/form parts, Behavior, habitat, way of survival)
Language
Organization : The use of general
nouns
The
use of relating verbs
The
use of present tense
The
use of behavioral verbs
The
use of tecnical terms
7.
ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Purpose : To persuade by
presenting arguments
To analyse or explain”how” and “why”
Text
Organization : A thesis
Arguments
Reiteration
Language
Features : Emotive words
Words that quality statements
Words that link arguments
The use of the present tense
The use of compound and complex sentences
8.
SPOOF
Purpose
: To tell an
event with a humorous twist
Text
Organization : Orientation (
who were involved in the story, when and where )
Events ( tell
what happened in the
chronological order )
Twist ( provide
the funniest part of the story )
Language
Features : The use of action
verbs
The
use of connectives
The
use of adverbial phrases of time and place
The
use of simple past tense
9.
HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Purpose
: To
persuade the reader or listener that something should not be the case
Text
Organization : Thesis
Arguments
Recommendations
Language
Features : The use of
emotive words
The use of words that qualify statement
The use of words
that link arguments
The use of
present tense
The use of
compound and complex sentences
The use of modal
and adverbs
The Use of
subjective opinions using pronouns
10.
EXPLANATION
Purpose
: To
explain the proceses involved in the formation and working of natural or
sociocultural phenomena
Text
Organization : A general
statement to position the reader
A sequenced explanation of why or how
something occurs
Closing
Language
Features : Focus on
generic, non-human participants
The use of general and and abstract nouns
The use of action verb
The Use of simple present tense
The use of passive voice
The use of conjuntions of time and cause
The use of noun phrases
The use of complex sentences
The use of technical language
11.
DISCUSSION
Purpose
:
To explore various perspectives before coming to an informed decision
To present information and opinions about more
than one side of an issue ( for points and against points )
Text
Organization :
Opening statement presenting the issue
Arguments or evidence for different points of
view ( pros and cons )
Concluding recommendation
Language
Features : The use
of general nouns
The use of relating Verbs
The use of thinking verbs
The use of additive connectives
The use of contrastive connectives
The use of causal connectives
The use modalities
The use of adverbs of manner
12.
REVIEW
Purpose
:
To summarise, analyse, and respond to art works
To critique an art work or event for a public
audience
Text
Organization : Orientation ( Background information on the
text)
Interpretative Recount ( Summary of an art
work) (including characters and plot)
Evaluation ( Concluding statement :
judgement, opinion, or recommendation )
Evaluative Summation (The last opinion
consisting of the appraisal or punchline of the artwork being reviewed )
Language
Features : The
use of complex and compound sentences
The use of adjectives and phrases appraisal
The use of metaphorical expressions
The use of noun phrases
13.
ANECDOTE
Purpose
:
To share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident
Text
Organization :
Abstract ( signals the retelling of an unusual incident)
Orientation (sets the scene )
Crisis ( provides details of the unusual
incident
Incident ( reaction to the crisis )
Coda ( optinal reflection on or evaluation of
the incident
Language
Features : Use of
exclamations
Use of rhetorical questions
Use of intensifies
Use of material processes
Use of temporal conjunctions
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